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Written by : Dr. Mostafa M. Motawei
Researcher in history and Islamic archaeology
The Mamluk period (1250–1517) in Egypt witnessed significant cultural, political, and architectural developments. While historical records often highlight male figures, it is essential to recognize the pivotal role that women played during this era. In this article, we will explore the multifaceted contributions of Mamluk women, focusing on their impact on architecture and urban spaces.
1. Religious Architecture and Waqf Endowments
• Mosques, Madrasas, and Khanqahs: Women actively participated in the establishment and maintenance of religious institutions. They funded and supported the construction of mosques, madrasas (educational institutions), and khanqahs (Sufi lodges).
• Waqf Endowments: Many women established waqf endowments, dedicating properties or funds to support religious and charitable causes. These endowments often included provisions for maintaining religious buildings.
2. Urban Facilities and Domestic Architecture
• Quitrents and Houses: Women were involved in urban development by owning and managing properties. Quitrents (rental income from properties) contributed to the urban economy.
• Palaces and Private Residences: Some Mamluk women held significant influence over architectural projects. Palaces and private residences reflected their taste and preferences.
3. Archaeological Evidence
• Qalawun Complex: The Qalawun Complex in Cairo, built by Sultan al-Mansur Qalawun, includes a madrasa, a hospital, and a mausoleum. His wife, Shajar al-Durr, played a crucial role in its establishment.
• Sultan Hassan Mosque: Sultan Hassan Mosque, an architectural marvel, was commissioned by Sultan Hassan himself. However, his mother, Sitt al-Mulk, was instrumental in its completion.
• Baybars Complex: The complex built by Sultan Baybars includes a mosque, a madrasa, and a hospital. His wife, Khatun Arwad, contributed to its construction.
4. Women and Space
• Public and Private Domains: Women navigated both public and private spaces. While some actively participated in public life, others wielded influence behind the scenes.
• Harems and Courtyards: The design of Mamluk residences emphasized privacy. Courtyards and harem spaces allowed women to engage with family and guests while maintaining seclusion.
Mamluk women left an indelible mark on architecture, urban planning, and society. Their contributions, though often overlooked, shaped the fabric of medieval Cairo. By examining archaeological sites and historical records, we can appreciate the resilience and agency of Mamluk women in a male-dominated world.
Remember that these women were not mere passive observers; they were active agents of change, leaving their legacy etched in stone and memory.
“Women have fundamental and essential roles for life alongside men. It is important that we raise their competence to exercise those roles through their true nature and raise their awareness of that”
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